編輯室周記:三藩市記事

兩個月前收到 Dorothy Kidds 的邀請,到三藩市大學,出席 Davis Forum,談新媒體對未來新聞業帶來的沖擊。到埗後才知道,原來三藩市近一百五十年歴史的 San Francisco Chronicle 正面臨倒閉危機,現在記者工會、資方和投資基金正在洽商新的 Business Model。

百年新聞業大變天

聽說一直以來,當地的記者工作對新媒體都頗敵視,覺得他們不夠專業,為政治服務,把記者的薪酬代遇拉低等等,所以這次三藩市專業記者協會能與當地新媒體團體走在一起,搞一天的工作坊與論壇,可說是破天荒,亦足見這場危機,已到一個使記者專業不得不求變的地步。

第一天(4月29日)的會議是校內論壇,一場是圍繞著香港和中國的市民媒體發展及其政治,一場談移民政治和墨西哥的社區電台。聰頭簡介了《草根不盡》中的初步研究,談政治運動與市民媒體兩者的相輔相乘。而我則從 anti-CNN,貓躲躲和廈門反PX三種不同類型的網上政治對翼,談民間媒體開拓出來的政治空間。

移民工與主流論述

移民工組織者 Collins 談不同的政治力量如何透過媒體製造一些影響移民工的政策。譬如說,右翼就透過豬流感的恐慌,反移民工,甚至要求要關閉邊境。一直以來,移民工的組織都只關注一些切身的議題,如最低工資,但卻未能於媒體論述裡,回應一些反移民的謬論。儘管三藩市有很多藝術和文化團體,就移民工和少數族裔有很多很正面的呈現,但卻只能改善種族定型偏見,在政策上卻未能改善移民工的處境。想起前天 Fox 頻道裡一個右翼名嘴節目,裡面的觀眾堅稱自己不討厭墨西哥人,但卻認為美國正受到前所未有的威脅,支持排外(加強邊境控制)的政策,他們討厭自己被稱為種族主義者,並指責媒體扭曲他們的觀點,但同時卻會把自己的不幸,包括豬流感和金融危機,視為其他人(墨西哥、中國)帶來的災難。(這也令我想起香港某些人,如梁美芬等,聲稱自己不討厭同性戀,卻反對性傾向歧視法、反對把同性家庭立入家暴條例等的右翼民粹論述。)

Collins 的簡介,對香港移民工組織,會有一些啟發,除了動員女傭示威反剝削,更要積極介入媒體論述戰。

Chiapas 的民間電台

Lux 來自墨西哥 Chiapas 地區,她是一個社區電台網絡的組織者,這個網絡有大大小小近五十個小電台,每一個都由當地婦女組織起來,服務當地居民。這些電台婦女,都很有政治意識,不單回應社區事務,亦決意保留當地的小數族群文化。還有的是,它們都是非法電台,因為有地方的力量示威,亦有全國性的網絡組織作後盾,政府不敢碰它們半條汗毛。這令我想起香港人丁單薄的民間電台,當然現在打的是司法戰,但若民間力量手瓜夠大,於香港十八區搞低功率的社區電台,並設立頻譜協調機制,成功開放大氣電波的機會會更大。

第二天的會議主要是談新聞業的發展,第一場談危機,第二場談可能的未來。因為 jetlag,在連續24小時沒有睡眠下,行屍走肉地出席了對談。其中一個出路是把新聞製作與社區結合,希望當地人能像支持教會一樣,支持新聞機構(見葉蔭聰報導),而在我身旁的 Sandy Close 則以自己創立的 New America Media 的經驗談 ethnic media 的重要性,由不同的族裔發出自己的聲音,並在同一個平台上串聯起來,由1996年組成的New America Media 一共有 2000個 ethnic media 的成員。 而我除了推介新出的《草根不盡》外,提出新聞媒體要與讀者重新建立關係,不是生意和市場的關係,而是建基於對社會議題的共同關懷,讀者才會願意支持。不過,有講者則害怕這樣的關係會破壞記者的獨立性(受制於社區的利益喜好)。

五一勞動節

這天的會議碰巧是五一,下午參加了勞工與媒體的工作坊,分別介紹了 independent labour media, labour net 和護士工會的新媒體創作與動員。工作組織者說美國的新聞機構裁員,很快就裁到勞工線的記者,勞工媒體的組織者說,主流不做勞工新聞,就由自己來做吧!不過,新聞做來給誰看,是否變成 eco chamber 等問題,他們大都不懂回答,只是強調新媒體的互動性。

回到香港,有關五一的討論,獨媒有兩篇,但都與工運沒有直接關係,一篇是菜園村居民參與五一遊行,另一篇是在勞動節論香港足球,是五一遊行太例行工事?還是獨媒社群太不吃人間煙火,渴望歸田園去也?也可能是大家大都是三無人士(無讀書、無正職、無綜緩),而「保飯碗」不是這個社群的關懷(大家的飯碗早已破掉)?labour net 的工會組職者也指出,當社會上大部份的人都沒有穩定工作,工會若只針對有工開的階層做組織,只會越來越被視為 irrelevant,無業者或 freelancer 大概是未來工運的主要組織對象。

Torrent 的企業監察:「Apple 怎麼又是你!」,亦是全球分工下的重點著力點。

豬流感

很慶幸自己在豬流感降落香港前到三藩市,雖然處於一個較多病例的省份,但作為旅客,一點也感受不到社區中的不安與恐慌,相反,走在人丁稀少的街道上,無法想像流感會爆發。在 twitter 和 facebook 看到不少香港豬流感的討論,覺得很誇張,儘管流感可怕,亦要防範未燃安置好動物,但製造出來的恐慌與排外,也許較流感的傷害更深。希望我可以繼續幸運,回港後,豬流感的恐慌能散去。

回應

Problems of mainstream media are self-inflicted

The mainstream media tend to blame the Internet as the only reason for their demise. A little introspection would tell them that they themselves are largely at fault. It's not that people prefer to view news online instead of on paper. It's the contents.

Over the past decade the contents of mainstream media have been getting less and less diverse, with disastrous results on the democracy of the US and the well being of people all over the world. The so-called respected newspapers and TV stations such as the Washington Post, the New York Times, ABC, etc., are nothing but the mouthpiece of people in power, as they are controlled by big businesses and staffed by journalists who know how to please for job security or advancement. For example, on the eve of the Iraq War, there was only one view presented across all mainstream media, which was unbelievably jingoistic. Gone were the days when the media were supposed to be the government watchdog. So what is a reader/viewer to do? She can only turn to the online world to seek alternative viewpoints, hence www.therealnews.com, www.democracynow.com, salon.com and other similar outlets. All these are organizations founded and maintained by conscientious journalists who had been marginalized by the mainstream media.

So I don't know how I should feel about the Chronicle, which in my view is a terrible newspaper. On the one hand, it's not a good prospect for the city not to have a newspaper, but on the other, the paper indeed is a good example of bad journalism.

A recent program on the Bill Moyers' Journal concerning independent media is pretty interesting. It can be viewed (with transcript provided) at:

http://www.pbs.org/moyers/journal/04032009/watch2.html

唔想落井下石

其實不少當地朋友都說 chronicle 是一份很糟的報紙,它的消失,除了一大堆人失業外,對社區來說 nothing to lose. 現在所謂勞,資和投資者三方的方案,到最後大概會是裁員減薪+多幾份廣告式 supplement+互聯網來解決。。。因為似乎投資方仍然希望把報紙推向以市場為主導的 business model。

其實當天的討論都有一些評論說 investigative report 在市場化下的消亡,但新媒體的運作特性又不能做好相關的報導,如何填補這個空白,是傳統媒體和新媒體都要思考的。

San Jose Mercury

聖荷茜在三藩市隔鄰﹐阿藹有沒有買份水銀報看看﹖水銀報可是少數成功轉型﹐走在Internet前頭的報紙。

錯別字

第二段, "薪籌"應是"薪酬", "拉底"應是"拉低". (民記要專業嘛!)

One more thing...

"我[...]提出新聞媒體要與讀者重新建立關係,不是生意和市場的關係,而是建基於對社會議題的共同關懷,讀者才會願意支持。"

That's exactly the point. All the talk about business model, delivery method, etc., are secondary issues that muddy the discussion concerning the root cause of the problem. You can have the best business model in the world but if it's built on a house of cards, i.e., if the media don't wake up and do what they're supposed to do, you'll still fail in the long run. "對社會議題的共同關懷" doesn't necessary cause journalists to lose their independence; on the contrary, a genuine concern over social/political issues would encourage the presentations of multiple viewpoints, fair coverage of all sides to the story, etc. Right now there's a total lack of this kind of "關懷", as most people in the trade are bending over backwards not to touch the sacred cows, fearing that doing so would result in the loss of their jobs.

I'm glad that 阿藹 raised that point at the meeting.

Radio Broadcast must be with a licence

"Lux 來自墨西哥 Chiapas 地區,她是一個社區電台網絡的組織者,這個網絡有大大小小近五十個小電台,每一個都由當地婦女組織起來,服務當地居民。這些電台婦女,都很有政治意識,不單回應社區事務,亦決意保留當地的小數族群文化。還有的是,它們都是非法電台,因為有地方的力量示威,亦有全國性的網絡組織作後盾,政府不敢碰它們半條汗毛。這令我想起香港人丁單薄的民間電台,當然現在打的是司法戰,但若民間力量手瓜夠大,於香港十八區搞低功率的社區電台,並設立頻譜協調機制,成功開放大氣電波的機會會更大。"

I am really not sure if you are really independent. First, it is illogical for you to justify the illegal "civic radio"by quoting the presence of illegal radio broadcasts in Mexico. What if I push for the legalisation of guns in Hong Kong by quoting the presence of related laws in the US? And being backed by bigger organisations does not mean they are representing the majority of people's will. This is especially dangerous for such radio stations, as the government does not have the guts to arrest these law breakers--what if these radios broadcast messages from the triads? And the government cannot do much as you have said.

And there must be an mechanism to make sure that radio broadcasts are in right order. Take the car license issuing as a example. It is clear that freedom of owning a license must come with the related safety precautionary measures, like examinations and road tests. Freedom is not an excuse for abandoning all other necessary measures, and in the case of illegal broadcasting, a mechanism must be present or otherwise hundreds or even thousands of radio stations, whose content cannot be supervised by the authority, will create a big trouble and great stability.

I support freedom of speech and expression, but I also support a necessary mechanism to maintain law and order. Your example in Mexico is not a piece of supporting argument for the illegal broadcasting in Hong Kong, I am afraid but I must be frank.

有點不明白

"我[...]提出新聞媒體要與讀者重新建立關係,不是生意和市場的關係,而是建基於對社會議題的共同關懷,讀者才會願意支持。"

所謂市場導向, 不就是只報道社會共同關懷的議題嗎?

not justifiy

for what i said about chiapas is descriptive in nature. they are illegal and they are doing a lot of great work without fearing that the gov't would close it down because of people's support. whereas in hk, everyone knows that the civic radio is a civic disobedient act to challenge the monopoly of radio frequency and license. there is no way, at present in hk to apply for a low power community radio frequency because the hk gov use technical reason (that frequencies are all occupied) to control people's broadcast. however, it only takes a co-ordination body to solve low radio frequency community radio broadcast. if we have enough people's support, the civic disobedient act of citizen radio would be more successful for opening up the air-wave resource to people.

if the gov still refuse to open up public access of radio frequency with a frequency coordinating bodies, a larger scale civil disobedient act is necessary, in this case, the chiapas experience is a useful reference to people's resistance here.

車牌與電台牌

我看車版與電台牌是不一樣的。如果領電台牌好像領車領一樣,只申請者需要合乎客觀條件即可,好像領車牌一樣,咁樣是無乜人會爭議的。問題在於事實並不是這樣,這樣牌照的意義便不只是「right order」,而是怎樣的「right order」。

同埋,「right order」與需要牌照是兩回事,例如社工根本不應是有需要註冊的職業。

Opening up the air-wave=/= no licenses for radio broadcasts

I think what you are trying to say is that the present situation requiring a license is a way by the government to curb people's freedom to express their views, and their excuses are technical reasons. (correct me if I got it wrong)

But I hold a very different view from you here. Ensuring freedom of speech must come with a regulation, through which the government can ensure that the radio stations are broadcasting the proper information i.e they are not spreading messages from the criminals, lunatic fringes which emphasize racial discrimination or even violence, and people's constitutional rights to speak does not mean they can spread the above messages.

I think technical reasons are really excuses as the actual reasons as I mentioned above cannot be told directly. Perhaps that could be part of the reasons, but I think the regulation is of higher importance.

As I have commented last time, you justify the presence of civic radio by quoting relevant examples in Mexico. You said they were backed by nation-wide organisations and the government did not dare arrest the operators. And this leads to the potential danger I have been mentioning. What if these radio stations air messages from the criminals? As sometimes the organisations backing the radio stations can be connected to the triads.

I am afraid I cannot agree with your views that freedom of speech must come with no radio regulations. (correct me if I got you wrong)

cc

Objectivity varies with people

"客觀條件" is easy to say in words but different people hold different views when it comes to the word "objective"

What I think the government should do is to make clearer guidelines on issuing a license. But such guidelines can be objective to some,while subjective to some (If you ask Raymond Wong Yuk-man whether the government is right in any case, he always speak no by skepticism.) So to me this is not a question of objectivity, but one of how to satisfy as most people as possible. (most people agree with something =/= objectivity)

And I quote the example of driving licenses to support a regulation does not mean limiting people's speech.

cc

客觀條件

路牌也有人爭拗吧,為何 99 合法而 101 是非法?可是,那是無爭議的客觀吧。

這個牌照要求不可能是為了滿足大多數的,我以台灣為例,我們可以設立制度去「滿足大多數」,我亦不認為部分賣春藥的地下電台是對的,可是以「滿足大多數」打壓有政治意識的地下電台,這個道理能講得通嗎?

there is no way to get a community radio license

please read carefully what i had said. at present there is no way, no way for any one in hk to get a low power community radio license because the gov't won't open up frequencies and set up co-ordinating body. that's why civic radio has to do the illegal civil disobedient act.

the gov do have a license system for high power radio, like commercial and metro radio, which requires millions to get register. and now all frequencies had been occupied. however for low power radio, just read the UNESCO reports, the frequency argument cannot stand because all it takes is frequency coordination to prevent jamming. regulation is needed of course, but we are not in that stage yet.

And if frequency is really a problem, than better close one music channel in RTHK in order to give a frequency range for enabling at least a dozen of low power community radio channel.

Information flow is the key

On one point we have finally come to a mutual agreement is the present license issuing regulations must be revamped. I agree that a clearer guidelines (like what we have in our driving license) must be set.

But unfortunately I cannot agree with you on the point at civic disobedience, as I don't think it is really such a serious case at all. Every reform must take a gradual manner and the opening up of the radio broadcasts is not such an urgent business. And Hong Kong has a very high Internet coverage, and Wong and his supports can set up their own radio channels online. Why must they deliberately break the law for such a trivial matter (to me and a lot of people, as seen from people's support for their disobedience.)?

In Mexico maybe local community radio stations can really help preserve the local culture, as some Mexican people does not enjoy such a free flow of information. (Still, I think being backed by strong organisations is very dangerous if there are criminals or triads involved.) But actually why must Hong Kong people express and receive information, or exchange views with each other through the community radios? After all Hong Kong is a lot smaller than Mexico, and information flow here is a lot easier and convenient.

Re: objectivity

I think there's no objectivity in policy formulation but there is in policy implementation.

What the government should do is to formulate policies that satisfy most people's want. And in the process there is a clearly-defined "objective" standard.

After the process the policy must be implemented with the clearly-defined guidelines and this is what I call objective.

Similar procedures should be applied to radio licensing. If later when the licensing guidelines are set, no radio stations can claim to be suppressed, whatever their political affiliations are.

view on hk

hk is a multi cultural and lingual society, up till now, we don't have radio station that serve more than half a million migrant workers from philippines, nepal, and other south asia countries, nor do we have community radio that serve chinese ethnic minorities, such as chiaozhou, fujian and others, nor radio station that serve the micro geographical need, such as tianshuiwai and yuenlong.

most of the new immigrant, housewives, old people and migrant workers don't have access to internet.

this is not trivial. and if citizen radio does not start the civic disobedient act, the license problem doesn't even surface in the public discourse and marginalize groups continue to be silent and be assumed that they don't have the need to express in their own tongue.

Interest conflict

阿藹:"And if frequency is really a problem, than better close one music channel in RTHK in order to give a frequency range for enabling at least a dozen of low power community radio channel."

Oh! Please don't! Life without music is a mistake...

i don't think it is a real problem la

and RTHK has several music channels. moving classical music online won't make music disappear (of course i assume most classical music lovers have internet access).

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