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「在地」牛奶真的好嗎?

七日廿六日之星期日明報(O14)有一篇有趣的文章,題為「向奶製品說不」。作者麥本園「先從小處看」,由個人對牛奶敏感之經驗,談到亞洲及香港之牛奶史,最後總結為「在地生產, 在地消耗」的牛奶最好。文中有關牛奶的歷史、文化及與健康之關係,與人類學及其他學者之研究相違,故執筆把8項質疑羅列出來,希望與關心牛奶這普及食品之讀者多角度地一起進行分析。

1. 是否「沒有人寫過香港的牛奶史」?
有關香港牛奶史的歷史書籍雖不多,但並非「沒有人寫過」,Nigel Cameron(1986) 的The Milky Way就是一本重要的參考書。 Cameron記載了香港牛奶公司自1886 年成立至 80年代的歷史,牛奶公司是香港首間生產牛奶作商業用途之公司,亦是對香港牛奶史中最具影響力之公司,其董事會成員更是當時英國殖民政府的支柱,所以,The Milky Way 既是香港牛奶史的歷史書籍,亦是一本港英政治之歷史書籍。

2. 是否「亞洲小朋友換牙之後,身體基本上停止分泌一種酵素分解奶類食物」?
身體停止分泌分解牛奶食物的酵素的時間,是孩子斷奶之後,並非文中所示的「換牙之後」(Huang HT 2002)。

3. 是否:「..那些鈣呀、蛋白質呀,雖然包含在牛奶裏,對卻不容易被我們吸收」?
第一、牛奶一方面提供鈣質,另一方面又讓鈣質溜走,並且,鈣質的吸收,亦視乎每人從陽光中所攝取之維他命D,及個別之体質,所以不宜過份簡單化地解釋。第二、牛奶所提供的蛋白質與鈣質是否一定健康?這議題已相當有爭議性,關心牛奶與健康這問題之讀者,可參讀以下之推薦書籍:
Campbell, T. Colin and Thomas M. Cambell II. 2005. The China Study: The Most
Comprehensive Study of Nutrition Ever Conducted and the Startling Implications
for Diet, Weight Loss and Long-term Health. Benbella Books

4. 牛奶的文化是否由傳教士帶到亞洲?
把牛奶的文化帶到亞洲,不單是傳教士,最重要的是帝國主義之拓展。在香港,牛奶最早是由英國的一位名為John Kennedy的手術醫生,於1880年傳入,目的是為當時居港的殖民政府 (人數為618)家庭中的嬰兒提供牛奶(Cameron 1986:14)。

5. 牛奶在香港的「健康」形象,是否建立於傳教士為窮人提供牛奶之善舉?
「牛奶」在中國社會文化中與「健康」扯上關係並不是源於「對窮人提供牛奶」,早在漢朝,「牛奶」已被視為「健康」之補品,但近代之發展更與殖民主義、科學精神、身體地位之象徵意義有關。

6. 歐洲人能夠消化奶類,是否由於「經過多年的進化」?
歐洲人能夠消化奶類,當然是「經過多年的進化」,但其因是能更有效地利用有限的天然資源—如部分人口享用奶類食品,那麼,省下之肉食便能供給更多的人口;而經過多年的進化中國人仍缺乏一種分解奶的酵素,是因為在史前時,中國食物資源及陽光充足,在綠色的葉類蔬菜中,配合煦艷之陽光,己能吸收足夠之鈣質和其他營養,所以不需發展奶業 (Huang H.T. 2002)。

7. 小孩子要動物乳替代母乳的話,是否羊奶比牛奶更適合?
羊奶是否真的比牛奶更適合小孩子呢?我翻查近來這方面的研究,似乎還停留在起步階段。我認為羊奶被視為 「比牛奶更適合」,只是近年來資本家為增加收入來源,進行鋪天蓋地之市場推廣後所建造之「知識」而已。

8. 「…享受到未受高溫消毒過程而破壞了的牛奶、羊奶。」是否好事?
現代牛奶商品化之最大問題,是在牛隻身上注入抗生素及荷爾蒙,所以即使喝鮮牛奶亦不代表絕對健康,相反,牛奶若不加以消毒,其受細菌感染的機會相當高(Nestle 2006)。
在地生產, 在地消耗」牛奶是否好事?

踏入21世紀,「在地生產, 在地消耗」好像己成環保分子不用置疑之神聖口號,但法國Foucault在提出知識與權力的共生性,我們在提出自己的觀點時,可否檢視一下這些「事實」、「真理」和Common Senses,背後遮蔽著誰的權力;我們在討論香港「在地生產, 在地消耗」牛奶之餘,我們是否可以退後想想,我們 (尤其是成年人)是否真的需要喝牛奶?

建議延伸讀物:
Cameron, Nigel. 1986. The milky way : the history of Dairy Farm. Hong Kong : Dairy Farm Co. Ltd.
Huang, H.T.. 2002. “Hypolactasia and the Chinese diet.” In Current Anthropology. Chicago: Dec 2002. Vol. 43, Iss. 5: 809.
Nestle, Marion. 2006. What to Eat? New York: North Point Press.

回應

牛奶很美味啊!

.
但請不要加三聚氰胺!: )
.

食早餐麥片

食早餐麥片不可能不落牛奶吧。

食早餐麥片

食早餐麥片不可能不落牛奶吧。

「需要」

「我們是否可以退後想想,我們 (尤其是成年人)是否真的需要喝牛奶?」
人當然不是「需要」喝牛奶,因為不喝牛奶不會死。
不過,我覺得也不必是「需要」才去喝,飲食從來都是個人喜好,喜歡飲就飲吧

食早餐麥片

可以用清雞湯煮醎麥片, 另有一番風味!

牛奶很美味啊!清雞湯煮醎麥片 probably is too!

But has anyone thought about the suffering that we're directly causing to other beings simply because we can't give up tasting 美味 things everyday?? (and vegan meals can also be very 美味)

Here is a PETA article about dairy farms. This is mostly centered around dairy farms in the U.S. but what they are describing is a reality for most dairy farms around the world (just do a little research online) and a lot dairy products we get in hk these days - cheese, bookies, cakes, milk, soyamilk [even vitasoy - "wai ta lai" - has milk in it!!!] uses milk from the US:
http://www.goveg.com/factoryFarming_Cows_Dairy.asp

As for chickens:
http://www.goveg.com/factoryFarming_chickens.asp

I see so many people on here screaming and crying about the violation on human rights - the lack of rights to speak freely, assemble freely, or even the right to vote. But how many of us think, as you're putting a piece of corpse into your mouth at lunch or dinner, that this very act of yours is contributing to the the everyday reality that other beings don't even have the right to LIVE! Why aren't you guys screaming and crying about that??

回陳巧文

That's right. Other "things" don't have right to live, they are resources. Rights is 100% human concept, it's by human and for human.

回思考﹕
若果用“需要”去衡量飲食﹐大慨絕大部份餐廳同街市超市都可以報笠。一個人其實不“需要”食好多野就能夠保持健康。看看早大空人的minimal (and tastless) diet就知人類“需要”食幾少野。

大家何不飲豆漿?

比牛奶更美味,也更合乎環保。而且可以自家製。
家父生前在雀巢工作,我飲免費牛奶飲到十八歲。三十歲以後才知道牛奶的害處。非常後悔。現正造自家豆漿,自家飲,也與隣居分享。

The Lie of the Land

I recommend checking out this documentary:
The Lie of the Land
http://video.google.ca/videoplay?docid=8033895703041755840&hl=en

I think the issue at hand is farming practices and not whether people should eat meat or not. As a British chap said in the documentary, what a lot of people don't realize is that a lot of the farm animals simply would not exist (would not be bred at all) if there weren't demand for human consumption. So talks about their right to live is really kind of a moot point. Now I agree that animal should be treated humanely (kill with minimum pain and suffering and so forth), but that's a different level of rights. And as you will see in the documentary, the issues about "humane treatments" are not always as they appear.

Humane treatment

I read that killing animal with minimum pain actually makes the meat taste better. Free range chicken also more tender than factory chicken. As a meat lover, I won't object humane treatment for animal. But the reason is not about them per se, it's about their meat.

回梁寶﹕
若果是當水飲﹐豆漿比牛奶好飲。不過如果用來放在其他食物或飲料﹐要牛奶才有香味。最好要2%。不過始終食cornflick一定要落牛奶﹐用豆漿唔夠滑。我實驗試過用不飲品撈cornflick﹐水﹐豆漿﹐橙汁﹐可樂等等﹐最後都係要用牛奶先好食。

Humane treatment

I read that killing animal with minimum pain actually makes the meat taste better. Free range chicken also more tender than factory chicken. As a meat lover, I won't object humane treatment for animal. But the reason is not about them per se, it's about their meat.

回梁寶﹕
若果是當水飲﹐豆漿比牛奶好飲。不過如果用來放在其他食物或飲料﹐要牛奶才有香味。最好要2%。不過始終食cornflick一定要落牛奶﹐用豆漿唔夠滑。我實驗試過用不飲品撈cornflick﹐水﹐豆漿﹐橙汁﹐可樂等等﹐最後都係要用牛奶先好食。

Replies to hevangel, Ken Ho and "Humane Treatment (i.e.Killing)

回 hevangel

"Rights is 100% human concept, it's by human and for human."

But ok let's say rights are created by humans - does that mean it's 100% for humans?? It's created by adult humans with normal mental capcity, but most (i imagine incld. you) would agree that human children as well as the mentally challenaged human deserve some degree of human rights

"若果用“需要”去衡量飲食﹐大慨絕大部份餐廳同街市超市都可以報笠。"

sure, and i'm not saying we shouldn't consume anything we don't NEED (需要). If it's something we don't need and the damage done by consuming it is relatively minimal, then why not? But if something is going to cause so much suffering to other sentient/consicous beings though we don't need it at all, what reason do we have to justifuy doing it?

回 Ken Ho

"what a lot of people don't realize is that a lot of the farm animals simply would not exist (would not be bred at all) if there weren't demand for human consumption. So talks about their right to live is really kind of a moot point."

So if it is a joint decision to have a child of ours by my husband and I, once the baby is born, does that mean it does not have the right to live if my husband and I decide it shouldn't live (let's say we decide to eat the baby)??

Just because these animals would not exist without our deliberate efforts to bring about their existence does not automatically mean that once they do come into existence, they have no actual "right" to exist (given that we accpet "rights" exist)

REGARDING "Humane" "Treatment"(Killing)"

Pigs have been found to have the intelligence eqivalent of a normal 4-5 year-old human (although I have read some accounts saying 3). Some severely mentally challenged humans also have the intelligence eqivalent a normal 3-5 year-old human. If we had a farm where we deliberately breed these serverly mentally challenged human beings and we raise them until they're around 20 to 30 years old (most animals raised for food are killed at a very early stage of their lives because it's simply not economically to keep them alive for any longer than the time necessary for them to become big enough adults to be sold for meat). We then kill these 20-30 year-old mentally challenged humans (who only have the intelligence of 3-year-olds) for food, but we do it humanely. It is totally painless - not even "with minimum pain". Would you guys find that acceptable?

回hevangel's reply to 梁寶

hevangel,
Before I start I really got to say that I've read some of the other stuff you've written and you've had a lot of good things to say
But I got to say, how can you even talk about the product of the torturing of another animal - a sentient being like you and me and the children that you have or will have - as if there is nothing more to discuss but your own pleasure??

i'm not even being dramatic - my goddamn heart is broken reading all these posts


"回梁寶﹕
若果是當水飲﹐豆漿比牛奶好飲。不過如果用來放在其他食物或飲料﹐要牛奶才有香味。最好要2%。不過始終食cornflick一定要落牛奶﹐用豆漿唔夠滑
"

I eat cornflicks almost every morning, with 豆漿. Is it 唔夠滑? Is it as good as 牛奶? I don't know, but it sure is good. How pampered we are to be saying : o no it's just 唔夠滑唔夠香 - we're lucky to have such a wide variety of food of such high quality available to us, how ungrateful it is to demand that we MUST have a product that involves this gross treatment of other beings just so we can have something that's a little bit more 滑 and 香!

"我實驗試過用不飲品撈cornflick﹐水﹐豆漿﹐橙汁﹐可樂等等﹐最後都係要用牛奶先好食。"

我實驗試過同成年男女做等等,﹐最後都係要搞返細路女先最正!要細路女才有小孩的香味!D肉先夠滑!

Re: 陳巧文

"So if it is a joint decision to have a child of ours by my husband and I, once the baby is born, does that mean it does not have the right to live if my husband and I decide it shouldn't live (let's say we decide to eat the baby)??"
If you bred your child as a commodity... purely for his/her economic value and as a food source.... then the answer would be yes? (sorry... ridiculous question deserve ridiculous answer :-P)

That's not the point anyway (that they have no right because of "deliberate efforts") ... the point is, those animal would've have existed in the first place if no one wanted to eat them, thus the _right to live_ is not an issue because they are bred to be consumed. I don't conceive a child to be consumed.

"breed these serverly mentally challenged human beings... Would you guys find that acceptable?"
I don't find eating human being acceptable so no, it wouldn't be acceptable no matter how you breed them... or how intelligent or unintelligent they are.

I suppose you will put forth some arguments about how human beings are equal to all other animals in every possible way... but I wait for that before replying further.

回陳巧文

Well... I am an anti-vegetarian and I spent quite a lot of time thinking over this issue. If you are interested, you can check out my older posting for my complete argument why vegetarian is wrong.

http://www.inmediahk.net/node/277435

I admire your guts standing out for democracy and the Tibetans, but I must politely say I totally disagree with your view on animals. I see vegetarian is fundamentally a religion in disguise. I support religion freedom, so I don't have any problem people voluntarily choose not to eating any meat. In return, I hope vegetarian also respect us meat lover and stop imposing restriction for us to enjoy eating meats.

Just curious, which moral theory do you subscribe to? Kantian, utilitarian, social contract or Aristotle?

A reply to Ken Ho

On lives brought into existence deliberately for food
"If you bred your child as a commodity... purely for his/her economic value and as a food source.... then the answer would be yes? (sorry... ridiculous question deserve ridiculous answer :-P)

That's not the point anyway (that they have no right because of "deliberate efforts") ... the point is, those animal would've have existed in the first place if no one wanted to eat them, thus the _right to live_ is not an issue because they are bred to be consumed. I don't conceive a child to be consumed.

So you don't. But what if I did? What if I deliberately concieved a child to be consumed as food (which means the child would never come into existence if hadn't planned to concieve it to be consumed as food anyway), do you think that child has no right to life??


On animals vs. severely mentally challenged humans

"I don't find eating human being acceptable so no, it wouldn't be acceptable no matter how you breed them... or how intelligent or unintelligent they are."
why don't you find eating human beings acceptable? I mean - can you actually provide a moral argument against it or you simply don't accept it?

回 hevangel

Well, I think even liberalism is a religion in disguise.

I am also supportive of freedom of religion although I am not religious AT ALL and I think a lot of it is just a big scam. I only choose not to eat meat because I think it's cruel. I'm not sure how that's religious in nature at all.

Just wanted to add that I am not trying to impose any restrictions on anyone else in regards to meat eating at all, nor do I know any vegetarians who do. I am not sure whether you are actually confusing the advocacy against meat-eating as an imposition of restrictions. (Or do you know some vegetarians who actually try to restrict you??)

However, I do think that even if it was restricted, it would not be a bad thing. To me, it's just another thing that violates the harm principle and if it was outlawed, I'd just say: about time!

I have been a utilitarian for a large part of my life. Constantly battling about the concept of rights etc. and I think at this point in my life, I'm more of a utilitarian. I do believe that social contract (and/incld. rights) can be justified by utilitarianism though. Was gonna do my MPhil thesis on it but have been advised that it's too much for a 2-year thing.

Haven't had time to read what you wrote yer. Will do though! Thanks for the link!

Re:

So you don't. But what if I did?
Then it would be you who don't believe the child has the right to live no? I guess the next logical question would be... what should I or the society do about it. Should I prevent the child from being bred for food in the first place or should I let the child born and then argue about his/her right to live?

Or, a different line of thought, should the child being bred for food has the same right to life as the child who's not bred for food? (assuming child farming is acceptable.)

I haven't studied philosophy (wanted to but never did) but I think hev's response/link adequately articulated why cannibalism is not acceptable to me. Although I don't quite agree that animal has no inherent value... but that's probably because I don't know what that terms mean in the context of "moral arguments". I thought animal has some value in the ecosystem as part of a food chain but I have a feeling that's not what inherent value is about. Hey hev, what is inherent value?

回陳巧文

Let's put aside the philosophical discussion on the moral of animal rights until you read though and think about my arguments.

BTW, which version of utilitarian are you? The original John Stuart Mills and Locke version or some later modification? How do you define and calculate "utility"? What is "utility" to you?

I am curious how you become a vegetarian? Do you become one due to religious reason or family value? Or do you simply become one after reading Peter Singer?

Re: Ken. Inherent value is a term proposed by Tom Reagan. According to him, the inherent value of human is why human has human rights.

I also agree animal has functional value to human as part of a food chain in the ecosystem. Animals are precious resources and human have to manage them carefully.

quick reply: Inherent value proposed by Tom Regan??

Surely the concept of intrinsic (inherent) value has been around for much longer than Tom Regan has, no??

and no, did not become vegan for religious reasons
only went vegan a couple of years ago - i just thought whatever enjoyment i get out of consuming animal products couldn't justify all the suffering/ destroyed future potentials for enjoyment my consumption of animal products cause.
nothing to do with religion at all. I was a christian and nearly a mormon (!) when i was very young but i knew nothing about vegetarianism/veganism then and i am soooooo far away from all that religious stuff now

will write more later! g2g for now

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